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Tufted tit-tyrant
The tufted tit-tyrant (''Anairetes parulus'') is a species of bird in the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. This species is found in western South America; its range stretches from southern Colombia south along the Andes mountains to Tierra del Fuego. It prefers to live in upper montane forests and shrublands; however, it is a habitat generalist and can be found across a wide range of ecosystems. The tufted tit-tyrant has three subspecies, including the nominate subspecies ''Anairetes parulus parulus'', ''A. p. aequatorialis'', and ''A. p. patagonicus'', and is very closely related to the Juan Fernández tit-tyrant. It is very small with a distinctive and conspicuous crest. The bird's head is black overall with white supraloral and postocular stripes. Its dull grayish-brown back contrasts with its white throat and breast that are covered with black streaks and pale, unmarked yellow underbelly. There are few noticeable differences in plumage between the subspecies. It is a vocal flycatcher with a broad repertoire of songs.
This tit-tyrant defends its territory only against other tit-tyrants and, except for the southernmost population, is non-migratory. The tufted tit-tyrant feeds mainly on a variety of insects that it hunts on or from small shrubs, typically by perch gleaning. It normally hunts in pairs. The breeding season varies for this bird depending on its geographical location. Two to three eggs are normally laid twice a year in a cup-shaped nest made of root fibers, grasses, and lichens and lined with small feathers. The tufted tit-tyrant is listed as a species of least concern due to its large range and population.
==Taxonomy==
The tufted tit-tyrant's genus, ''Anairetes'', is in the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae and is believed to be most closely related to the tyrannulet genera ''Mecocerculus'' and ''Serpophaga''; however, there is no definitive evidence supporting this claim. The tufted tit-tyrant was described as ''Muscicapa parulus'' by Heinrich von Kittlitz in 1830 from a specimen collected near Valparaíso, Chile.〔 It was later moved from the genus ''Muscicapa'', which today solely contains Old World flycatchers, to ''Anairetes''; however, this genus was too similar to the pre-existing genus ''Anaeretes'', so Harry Church Oberholser erected the genus ''Spitzitornis'' for it and the other tit-tyrants. However, ''Spitzitornis'' was eventually abolished and the tit-tyrants were returned to ''Anairetes''.〔 The tufted tit-tyrant is believed to form a superspecies with the Juan Fernández tit-tyrant. Members of the genus ''Anairetes'' are commonly known as tit-tyrants because their active foraging behavior and crests are reminiscent of the true tits in the family Paridae, while the genus itself is part of the tyrant flycatcher family. The tufted tit-tyrant is known in Spanish as the Cachudito, which means "little longhorn" in reference to the bird's crest.
The tufted tit-tyrant has three described subspecies. ''Anairetes parulus aequatorialis'' is the northernmost subspecies and is found in the Andes from southern Colombia to western Bolivia and northern Argentina.〔 It was described by Hans von Berlepsch and Władysław Taczanowski in 1884.〔 The nominate subspecies, ''A. p. parulus'', is found in western Chile and in southwest Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego and was described by Kittlitz in 1830.〔 The third subspecies, ''A. p. patagonicus'', is found in western Argentina and was described by Austrian ornithologist Carl Eduard Hellmayr in 1920.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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